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Capillary malformations (CMs), commonly known as port wine stains, are permanent birthmarks on the face, neck, or scalp, appearing as red or purple spots that can grow larger and thicker over time.
Though medically benign, thickened facial CM can cause psychosocial challenges. Protecting skin from UV exposure helps prevent worsening over time. Seeking treatment with laser therapy is very common, with intense-pulse light (IPL) providing moderate improvements. At The Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, we offer laser treatments to help your birthmark fade and eliminate or prevent future complications.
Exploring Capillary Malformation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
What is Capillary Malformation
Symptoms of Capillary Malformation
The primary symptom of a capillary malformation (CM) is a flat, red, or pink mark on the skin that is present at birth. The abnormal coloring arises from blood vessels close to the skin's surface that did not form correctly. CMs most frequently occur on the head and neck, especially the forehead, eyelids, and mid-face. The markings have clearly defined edges that do not fade when manually stretched.
Over time, capillary malformations often gradually thicken and darken to a red-purple hue due to progressive changes within deeper vascular structures. Nodules, excess prominent vessels, and occasional ulceration can develop in untreated cases.
Causes and Risk Factors
The underlying cause of CMs relates to a localized area of abnormal cell development in vascular networks. The specific trigger is unknown but likely involves genetic mutations affecting vascular growth.
Risk factors for capillary malformations include:
- Family history — 5-10% of cases show inherited genetic links
- Low birth weight/prematurity
- Female infants exhibit an increased prevalence
- CMs occur more commonly among twins/triplets
Diagnosing Capillary Malformations
Doctors can often diagnose capillary malformations (CMs) through visual inspection alone. The classic presentation of a flat, red/pink vascular birthmark is usually sufficient for clinical diagnosis, especially given their typical location on facial areas.
To confirm a suspected capillary malformation, our physicians perform an examination evaluating specific characteristics:
- Color: Bright red or pink markings; may darken over time
- Border: Edges are sharply demarcated from normal skin
- Blanching: Does not fade when stretched manually
- Surface: Smooth, non-palpable texture
- Size/shape: Can be localized or cover large facial regions
- Associated findings: Though rare, may bleed, ulcerate, or thicken over time
A skin biopsy may be performed to inspect blood vessel morphology in questionable cases. Imaging studies are not routinely needed but can help characterize atypical vascular components. Most capillary malformations are diagnosed without issue.
Treating Capillary Malformation
Alma Harmony Dye VL — Intense Pulsed Light (IPL)
At The Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, we offer the advanced Alma Harmony Dye-VL system to treat capillary malformations effectively without injuring surrounding healthy skin. This breakthrough device uses gentle pulses of optimized light energy to precisely target and fade skin imperfections.
The unique technology of the Dye-VL allows our providers to choose the best settings to customize a patient's therapy for the most effective treatment. The device’s high wavelength settings also help address vascular and pigmentary components of some capillary malformations.
Over a series of brief monthly sessions, the treated areas gradually shrink and fade away. During the rapid light pulses, children may experience a snapping sensation that only lasts an instant.
This non-invasive approach avoids incisions, sutures, or bandages, providing a revolutionary way to improve childhood vascular conditions.
Our Surgeons
Patients worldwide seek the world-class treatment we offer at The Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, which is made possible through our extensive training and commitment to continual innovation. Meet our experienced team dedicated to enhancing lives.
Patient Stories
Each day, the team at The Institute for Advanced Reconstruction helps patients achieve better health and wellness through groundbreaking procedures. Hear how our patients' lives have been impacted by treating their capillary malformation.
Insurance Information
The Institute for Advanced Reconstruction participates in a wide range of insurance plans, including those listed below. However, each physician has their own accepted insurance and hospital affiliations. Before scheduling an appointment, please contact your insurance carrier to confirm that your provider is in-network.
If we are not an in-network provider, our friendly insurance specialists will help you find the most coverage available for your treatment.
- Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Jersey
- Medicare
- Railroad Medicare
- Aetna
- Cigna
- United Healthcare
- Oxford (Freedom, Liberty)
- MagnaCare
Patient Resources
For more information on what to expect and how to prepare for your appointment, visit our patient resource page.